Instruction/ maintenance manual of the product 9000ED Nikon
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Nikon Film Scanner En Fr Es Printed in Japan SB3J00300101(30) 6MRA0730-- User's Manual Manuel de I'utilisateur Manual del Usuario ( En/Fr/Es ).
Nikon Film Scanner User's Manual Before Y ou Begin En Setu p Basic Sc anning Nik on Sc an Opti ona l Holders Te c h n i c a l N o t e s.
T rademark Information Apple , the Apple logo , Macintosh, and Mac OS are registered tr ademarks of Apple Computer , Inc. Finder is a trademark of Apple Computer , Inc. Microsoft and Windows are registered tr ademarks of Microsoft Corporation. P entium is a tr ademark of Intel Corporation.
i Do not touch exposed parts Should the product br eak open as the result of a fall or other accident, do not touch the exposed parts. Unplug the power cable and take the product to an authorized Nikon service r epresentative for inspec- tion. Do not disassemble or modify • The interior of the device contains areas of high voltage.
ii Do not handle with wet hands Failure to observe this pr ecaution could result in electric shock. Handling the power cable and plug • Do not damage, modify , or forcibly tug or bend the power cable, place it under heavy objects, or expose it to heat or fl ame.
iii • No part of the manuals included with this pr o duct may be repr oduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a r etrieval system, or translated into any language in any form, by any means, without Nikon’ s prior written permission.
iv Notice Concerning Prohibition of Copying or Reproduction Note that simply being in possession of material that has been digitally copied or repr oduced by means of a scanner , digital camera or other device may be punishable by law .
v T ab le of Conte nts Ta b l e of Contents For Y our Safety ................................................................................................................ ............... i W ARNINGS .................................................
vi FH-869GR Rotating Holder for Medium-Format Film .................................................................. 56 Inserting Film ................................................................................................................. .
1 In trodu c tion ............................................................ 2 Par t s of the S c ann er ............................................
2 Int rod uc t ion Intro duction Tha nk yo u for your purch ase of a Nikon SUPER C OO L SCA N 90 0 0 ED fi lm scanner . Read this manual thoroughly before use, and k eep it handy w hen using the produc t.
3 Part s of t he Sc an ner Pa r t s o f the S canner Fro nt V iew 1 St a tu s L ED Scan ner stat us is indicated as follow s: St at u s LE D Scanner status On No op er at ion s in progres s. Film holders ca n be ins er t ed or re - moved. Blinks (about 1.
4 Rear View 5 AC co nne c to r The f e ma le en d of the AC power cable plugs into this connector . 6 I EEE 1394 ( Firew ire ) conn ec to r The IEE E 1 394 in t erf ace cabl e connect s here.
5 Prec aut ion s for U se Preca ution s for Us e Observe th e following precautions to ens ure that th e scanner always pro duces the be st p os - sible result s. Check the status LED • Do not tur n the scanner off or insert or remove fi lm holders while the status LED is blinking.
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7 Se tup and S c anning G uide ..................................... 8 In st alling Nikon Sc an .............................................10 In st alling the S ca nne r .
8 Install so ftwa r e ( 10 –19 ) Imagi ng appl ica - tion (e.g ., A d obe Photoshop) C D - R O M C D - R O M C D - R O M C D - R O M C D - R O M Nik on View C D - R O M C D - R O M C D - R O M C D -.
9 Insert fi lm ( 32 ) FH - 83 5 S ( 26 –27) 35 - mm fi lm FH - 83 5 M ( 28 ) 35 - mm s li d es FH - 869 S ( 28 –29 ) Medi um fo rmat fi lm Elec t ron mic rosco pe fi lm Organize images Images tha t h av e been sav ed t o d isk can be view ed a nd o rga - nized in Nikon V iew.
10 In st all in g Nikon Sca n Installing Nik on Scan Nik on Scan so ftware (pr ovi ded) is requ ir ed to c on trol the scanner . T he inst allation instruc tio ns that follow are divide d into Windows and M acintosh sec tio ns. Windo ws Tu r n t h e c o m p uter on and wait for Window s to st ar t up.
11 1 Inser t th e N ikon Scan C D into the C D - ROM drive A language - sele c tion dialog w ill be displayed. Sel ec t a language and click Next . If th e Language Selec tion D ialog Is N ot Displayed If th e language selec tion dialo g doe s not appear af ter the N ikon Scan CD is inserte d : 1 .
12 7 S elec t the scan ner dr ivers Select LS - 4 000/8000 /9000 and click Next . Dev ic e R egi st r a t io n Windows 2000 Professional A “Digital Signature Not Fo und” dialog will also b e displayed the fi rs t time the sc anner is conne c ted a n d turne d on following ins tallation of N ikon Scan.
13 8 Create a shor tcut (o ptional ) Cli c k Ye s to create a sho r tcut to N ikon Scan on the de sktop. Cl ick No to pro - ceed wi thout creating a shor tcut. Settings File E x tensio ns If ot her Nik o n imaging sof t ware is in - stal led , t he di alog shown at right will b e displayed.
14 Viewin g the Eas y S c anni ng Gui de (Wi n d o w s) Insert th e Nik on Scan 4 Refere nce Manual / Eas y Sca nning Guide CD and double - c lick th e easy _ guide.
15 Macintosh Tu r n t h e c o m p uter on and wait for it to star t up. Be fore co ntin uing wi th ins tallat ion, make sure that: • T he sc anner is NOT conne c ted • N o other applicatio ns (inc.
16 1 Inser t th e N ikon Scan C D into the C D - ROM drive A Nikon Scan 4 CD icon will appear on the desk top. Double - click the icon to open th e “Nik on Scan 4” window .
17 8 Click Use wi zard (r e c o mm e n de d) Cli c k Use wi zard to choo s e an RGB colo r - spa ce pro fi le with the help of the Co l o r S pa c e Wiz ard ( recommend ed ) . The se lected c olor-space pr ofi le can be ch anged in the Nikon Scan “Prefer- ences” dialog after ins tallatio n.
18 10 S ele c t Apple RGB In th e Wi nd ows C olor Space Wiz ard, select Appl e RGB (rec o mm e n de d) and click OK . F or more information on colo r - spa ce pro fi l es, se e the Nik on Sc an Reference Manual .
19 Viewin g the Eas y S c anni ng Gui de (Ma c i n to s h ) Insert th e Nik on Scan 4 Refere nce Manual / Eas y Sca nning Guide CD and double - c lick th e easy_ guide _OSX icon (Mac OS X) or easy _guide_OS9 icon (Mac OS 9).
20 In st all in g the Sc a nne r Installing the Sc ann er Ste p 1 — Choose a Location Ch o o s e a fl at, st able loc ation close to the computer . Insta lling the S c anner Do NOT install the s ca.
21 Ste p 2 — Connec t the Power Cable 1 Mak e sure th e power s witch i s in the “ of f ” po sitio n On posi tion 2 Connec t the power c able Co n n e c t t h e p ower cable as show n and plug the sc anner into a general - pur pose hous e - hold outlet.
22 Ste p 3 — Connec t the IEEE 1394 Cable 1 Mak e sure that th e s can ner i s of f 2 Connec t th e IEEE 1394 ca ble Co n n e c t t h e sup plied I EEE 1 39 4 cable as show n below. C onnec t the scanner dire c tly to the computer; do not connec t the cable v ia an IEEE 1 39 4 hub or adapter .
23 St ep 1 — T u rn the S ca nne r On .............................. 24 St ep 2 — Place Film in th e Hold er ......................... 25 St ep 3 — Op en th e Sc an W ind ow ......................... 30 St ep 4 — I nse r t the Ho lder ........
24 Windows 98 S E If the di alog shown at right appe ars th e fi r st tim e the s cann er is conne c ted and tur ned o n, the I EEE 1 394 dri ver up date has not b ee n compl eted. U pdate th e IEEE 1394 drive rs a s des crib ed in “Up dat - ing the I EEE 1 394 Dri ver s ( Win dow s 98 SE O nly ) : Th e ‘I nser t D isk’ Dialog ” ( 65 ) .
25 St ep 2 — Place Fil m in t he Hol der Ste p 2 — Place Film i n the Hol der The fi lm holders provided w ith the sc anner can be us ed to scan 35 - mm fi lm, 3 5 - mm slides, medium - f orm a t fi lm, and 59 × 82 mm el ec tron micros cope fi lm.
26 2 Place fi lm in the holde r FH - 8 35 S Holder for 35 - mm Film The F H - 835 S can be used w ith one or t wo s trips of 35 - mm fi lm. Each strip c an be up to six frames long. 2. 1 Open the ho lder Insert yo ur fi ng ers through the ho les in the bottom half of the holder and undo the latches, then open the holder .
27 2.3 Insert masking sheets When scan ni ng a si ng le strip or st ri ps of different lengths, place the fi lm at the lef t end of the holder and cover any open aper ture s with the suppli ed masking sheet s, cut ting the sheet to the appropriate length if necessar y.
28 2.2 Inser t fi lm Plac e fi lm in the holder with the refl ec - tive fi lm base up (m at t e em ul si o n su r- face d ow n ; 26 ) a n d with the end of the fi lm against the stops . FH - 8 35 M Holder for 35 - mm Slides The F H - 835 M can be us ed to scan up to fi ve 35 - mm slides wit h mounts 1 .
29 2 Flatten the fi lm Place y o ur fi ng er s on th e grip s and sli de the m gent ly ou t wards . Do not u s e force. T o prevent the fi lm from sliding out of p ositio n, press th e hold er cover light ly be fore sliding t he grip s. 3 Lat ch t h e movabl e base Slide th e latch in the dire c tion s hown.
30 St ep 3 — Open t he Sc a n Wi ndow Ste p 3 — Ope n the Sc an W in dow The sca nn e r is controlled from the Nikon Scan s can wind ow . 1 Choose th e a pplic atio n in which p ic tu res w ill be dis playe d Af ter sc anning , pic tures can be displaye d either in Nik on Scan o r in a third - part y applic a - tion such as Adob e Photoshop.
31 The sca n wi ndow wil l open . “Nik on S ca n Is U na ble t o Find A ny Ac ti ve Dev ic es ” If th e me ssag e shown at ri ght is displaye d whe n the sc an win dow opens, chec k t hat the scanne r is connec te d and turn ed on and t hat the st atus LE D is not fl a shing.
32 St ep 4 — In ser t the Hol der Ste p 4 — I nse r t t he Holde r 1 Check th e s ta tus L ED Make s ure that the st atus LED is glow ing ste adi ly .
33 1 Control area ( 45 ) Co nt ai n s f re qu e ntl y us ed s ca n ning and pre - view co ntrols . 2 Informatio n pa ne l ( 46 ) Lists i nf or mat ion on current sett ings. 3 Preview button ( 46 ) Cli c k to v i e w s e lec ted fr ames i n the pr eview area, wher e they c an be en hanced usin g the tool s in the Tool Chest.
34 1 Choose the fi lm ty pe Cli c k the fi lm - ty pe menu in the sc an win - dow c ontr o l area and choose a fi lm t ype that matches the fi lm b eing sc anned. Option Positive Use with Use with most makes of posi - tive slides an d revers al fi lm.
35 St ep 6 — Preview Ste p 6 — Preview 1 Open th e thumbnail drawer Cli c k t h e thumbnail dr awer tab. Thumbn ai l d r awer tab 2 Disp lay thumbn ails To v i e w t h e f r a m e s in t h e thumbnail drawer as small “thumbn ail” previews, click the but ton.
36 4 Click the Preview button A preview will b e displayed in the previ ew area. Previe w button Rot ating and Fl ipping Images The La yo ut T ool s palet te in t he T ool Ches t ( 48 ) conta ins but tons fo r rotat ing and fl ipping image s.
37 2 S elec t the Crop T ool St ep 7 — Selec t a Cr op Ste p 7 — Selec t a Crop To s c a n o n l y p a rt o f a n i ma g e into the host applic ation, use the Cr op T ool in the Layout T ools palet te to sele ct the d esired area. T his sel ec tion is referred to as a “ crop.
38 Cho osing an Output Size an d Reso lut ion The “ C rop ” pal ett e in the T ool Chest is use d to specif y the size and resolution of the crop when opened i n the ho st appl ica ti on ( 3 0 ) . F o r e x - ample, to scan an image so that it can be prin t ed withi n the m argin s of A4 (21 .
39 St ep 8 — Sca n and S ave Ste p 8 — Sca n an d Save 1 Click the Scan button Cli c k the Scan button to begin s canning the crop sel ec ted in the previe w area.
40 2 S elec t the sa ve comma nd To s a v e t h e i m age in the ac tive window, select Sav e or Save As… from the File menu in the host application ( 30) .
41 St ep 9 — Ejec t a nd E x it Ste p 9 — Ejec t a nd E x it 1 Eje c t th e ho lder Press t h e ejec t but ton on the front of the scanner or cl ic k the eject but ton in the control are a of the scan windo w . E jec - tion is complete when the s tatus L ED has stop ped b l inking.
42 5 Remove the fi lm FH - 8 35 S Holder for 35 - mm Film Insert yo ur fi nger s into the holes in the lower port ion of the ho lder and undo the latches.
43 Th e Sc an Wi ndow ................................................. 4 4 Th e T o ol Che s t....................................................... 48 Nik o n Scan Thi s c h a pter provides a brief over v iew of the Nikon Scan software t ha t c on t rols the scanner .
44 The Sc an W in dow The S can Windo w The p art s of the scan w indow are identifi ed below . Control area ( 45 ) Progress window ( 47) Preview area ( 47 ) Thumbn ai l d r awer tab ( 47 ) Scan bu t.
45 1 Ej e c t but ton Eje c t s th e ho lder from the sc anner . 2 Au tofoc u s b u tto n Cli c k t o f o cus the sc anner . C o ntrol - click (Wi nd o w s) o r op tion - click ( Macintosh ) to select a new focus point.
46 The In f ormation P anel 1 Orientat io n Shows the orie ntation of the image in the preview area, re fl ecting any fl ips or rota - tions that have been per forme d.
47 The Th umbn ai l Dr a we r T ab Cli c k t h i s tab to open the thumbnail drawer . If mu lti ple fr am es are selected , the selec ted images can b e sc anned in a single batch. This is calle d a “ batch scan. ” The Prog ress Wind o w The p rog ress of preview and scan o perations is shown in this w indow.
48 The T ool C hes t The T ool Chest To d i s p l a y o r h i de the T ool Ch est, c l ick the To o l s but ton in the control area of the scan windo w . For more inform atio n, se e the Nik o n Sca n Reference Manual (o n CD) . Select the portio n of the image that will be scann ed, choose a focus point, o r rotate and fl ip image s.
49 Make adjustments to brightness, cont ras t, and color targ eted to spe cifi c por tions of the tone range (for example, this tool can be used to increase brightnes s in shadows ). 5 C olo r Balance 4 Cu r ve s Adjust overall brightness, contrast , and color balance .
50 10 Scan Im ag e Enhanc er Per form automatic brightness, color , and contra st a djus tm ent. 11 Scanner Extras Co n t r o l f e a t u r e s s pe ci fi c to the ty pe of sc an - ner currently c onnec ted. • Multi Sample Scanning Use this feature to reduce noise.
51 FH - 8 69 M Hol der fo r Me dium - For mat Sli de s............................. 53 FH - 8 69 G Glas s - C overed H old er for M ediu m - F orma t Film ....... 5 4 FH - 8 69 GR Rot atin g Hold er fo r Me dium - For mat Film .............. 56 FH - 816 Holder fo r 16 - mm Film .
52 The f o ll ow ing optional fi lm holder s are available for the SU PER C OOL SCA N 9 0 0 0 ED : Film holder Film 53 FH - 869M 1 2 0/ 2 2 0 M OUNTED F ILM H OLDE R 6 × 4.
53 Removing Slides Slide the mount s out from under the clips that hold them in plac e. Do No t Use Force Do not us e f orce when removing slide s. Fail - ure to obser ve this pre caution could damag e the clips. Do not lif t the slides up until fully removed fro m the clips.
54 Inserting Film 1 Open th e ho lder Slide the latch in the direc tion shown and open the hold er . FH - 869G G la ss - C ov ered Ho lde r for Med iu m - For mat Fil m FH - 869G Glass - C ov e re d H.
55 2 Inser t fi lm Plac e fi lm b ase up ( 26 ) b e t w een the guides with the lef t end of the fi lm at the fi lm line. If a masking sheet is used, the star t of the fi rs t ex posure should be al igned with the inner edge of the masking sheet.
56 Inserting Film 1 Open th e ho lder Slide the latch in the direc tion shown and open the hold er . FH - 869G R Rotat in g Hold er for Me diu m - Format Fil m FH - 869G R Rotating Holder for Medium -.
57 4 Snap th e holde r clos e d 5 Adjus t the fi lm angle Loosen the lock ing screw by rot ating it counter - c lo ck wis e. Ad jus t the angle, us - ing the marks o n the front of the holder as a guide ( each mark is equival ent to 1 ° ) , and then tighten the locking s crew .
58 2 Inser t fi lm Plac e fi lm in the hold er base up ( 26 ) . Al ign the fi r st frame in ea ch strip wi th an aper ture at the lef t end of the holder .
59 3 Inser t maski ng sheets When scan ni ng one or two strips or stri ps of di ff erent lengths, place the fi lm at the lef t end of the holder and cover any open aper ture s with the suppli ed masking sheet s, cut tin g the sheet to the appropriate length if necessar y.
60 FH - 8G 1 Medic al Ho lder FH - 8G 1 Medical Holder The F H - 8G 1 ca n be used to scan up to thre e glass micros cope slide s of prepared tissue samp les . S li des m u s t b e 2 6 × 7 6 m m w i t h a b a s e 0 . 8– 1 . 5 m m t h i c k, a co ve r no more than 25 m m w i d e, 6 0 mm lo ng, and 0.
61 Ma intenan ce ..................................................................... 62 Tr ou bl es ho ot ing................................................................ 63 In st alling the IEEE 1 39 4 ( Firewire ) I nter fa ce Board........ 6 4 Un ins tallin g Nikon Sc an .
62 Mai ntena nce Maintenance Sto ra g e When the scan ne r is not in use , ejec t the fi lm holder and turn the s canner of f . If the devi ce w ill not be use d for a prolonge d period, unplug the s.
63 T rou bl es hooti ng Tr o u b l e s h o o t i n g If the scan ne r f ails to function as ex pe c ted, check the proble ms describ ed be low before con - sulting the original retailer o r Nikon ser vice repre sentati ve. For more information on so lving the problems lis ted here, refer to the page nu mber s in the rightmost column.
64 Problem Possib le caus e Co m p u t e r does not reco gnize sc anne r (co n ti n ue d) • O th er I EEE 1 39 4 dev ice s ar e conn e c te d and t urn ed o n Disconnect the ot he r devi ces. I f the s ca nner is conn ec te d via a hub, ada pter , or ex tensio n cab le, disconn ec t th e sc anner an d reconn ec t it directly to the computer .
65 Updating the IEEE 1394 Drivers ( Windows 98 SE O nly) Users of W indow s 98 SE mus t update the I EEE 1 394 dri vers provid ed with W indow s before they can use the s canner .
66 Installing the IEEE 1 394 (F i re w i re ) I n ter face Board 1 Tu r n t h e co mp ute r of f Tu r n t h e computer off and disconnec t all c ables. 2 Inser t th e IEEE 1 3 94 ( Firewire) in ter face b oar d Insert the s uppl ied IEE E 1 394 ( Firewir e) board as sh own.
67 Windo ws 2 000 Pr o f e ss i on al, W indows M e Cli c k the My Computer icon with the right mouse but ton and sele c t Proper - ties fr om the menu that appears. 1 Disp lay the “Sy ste m Prop er ties” dialog Windo ws XP Select Control P anel from the St ar t menu, ope n Performance and Main - tenance , and click Sys t e m .
68 Windo ws 98 S E The fi rst time the computer is p owered on with the b oard ins talle d, the “ Add N ew Hardware” wizar d wi ll be dis pla yed .
69 5 Click Next The d ia log s h own at right will be dis - played. Click Ne xt . The “In sert Di sk” Dia log If the “ Ins ert Disk” dialog is displayed, inser t the Wind ows 9 8 Second Edition CD a n d click OK .
70 Uni n st all ing N ikon Sca n Uninstalling Nikon Scan Bef ore Nik on Scan ca n be reinst alled or a new ver sion ins talle d, the exis ting version mus t be removed from the computer ( uninst alled ) . Th e instruc tions that follow are di vide d into Win - dows an d Macintosh sec tions.
71 “A u t h e n t i c a t e ” ( M ac OS X Only) Cli c k in g Ea sy Inst all in the sof t ware panel displays the “ Authenticate ” dialog shown at right. Enter the administrator name a n d pass word and click OK . 6 Click Accept The l ic e ns e agreement will be displayed.
72 7 Click Continue… The R ea d Me fi le will b e di splayed. C lick Contin ue… to display th e “Nikon Scan Ins tall er” dialog. 8 S ele c t Uninstall Select Uninstall from the menu at the top l ef t co rn er of th e ins tall er dialog and click the Uninstall button to remo ve Nik on Scan and its compo nents from the comp ute r .
73 Cus tom In st all ( M ac intos h O nly ) Cus tom In sta ll ( Mac i ntos h Onl y ) The Macintosh version o f Nik o n Scan of fers a custom ins tall o ption that can b e used to ins tall selected pr og ram comp on en ts a s d e sc ribed below .
74 Chec ki ng Devi ce Regi st ration ( Win dows O nl y) Checking Device R egist ra t io n ( W i n dows O nly ) The fi rst time the sc anner is connec ted and tur ned on follow ing inst allation of Nikon Scan, Win dows w ill “ regis ter” the scanner with the D evice Manage r .
75 4 Check that the sc anne r is li s ted a s an imagin g device Cli c k t h e “ + ” nex t to “Imaging devices” (Wi nd o w s XP , W i n d ows 2 000 P r o f es - sional) or “Imaging Devic e ” (W indows Me , Wi ndo ws 98 SE) and confi rm th at the scanner is lis ted.
76 Spec ifi c at ion s Specifi catio ns SUPER COOL SC A N 90 00 ED ( LS - 90 00 ED ) Media Nega ti ve s and positives, in color a nd mon ochro me 35 - mm fi lm 1–2 s tri ps o f 1– 6 fra m es. Up to 3 fr ames o f 2 4 × 4 8 mm or 24 × 65 mm pan - oram a fi lm ca n be sc anne d wit h opti onal FH - 869 GR fi lm holder .
77 * T ime s for p os iti ve fi lm scanned at input resolution of 40 0 0 dpi (2 00 0 dpi when FH - 869 S is use d wi th D igi ta l DEE ) an d bi t de pth of 16 bits (CMS on) usin g Nikon S c an 4 on P ent ium 4 3.
78 Optional F ilm Holders FH - 869 M 120 /2 20 M OUN TED F ILM H OLDER Size an d we ig h t 13 0 × 320 × 1 7 mm / 5. 1˝ × 1 2.6 ˝ × 0.7 ˝ (W × H × D ) , 1 70 g / 6.0 oz. ( app rox. ) Film One 6 × 4.5 or 6 × 6 s lide and one 6 × 7 , 6 × 8, or 6 × 9 slid e FH - 8G 1 M EDIC AL H OLDER Size an d we ig h t 13 0 × 345 × 1 7 mm / 5.
79 Ind ex Index Sym bo l s 2¼˝, se e Film, medi um format 16 - m m , see Film, 16 - mm 35 - mm, see Film, 35 - mm 12 0 / 2 2 0 , see Film, medi um format A Acquire plug -i n , 17, 3 0 Adobe Photosho.
Nikon Film Scanner En Fr Es Printed in Japan SB3J00300101(30) 6MRA0730-- User's Manual Manuel de I'utilisateur Manual del Usuario ( En/Fr/Es ).
An important point after buying a device Nikon 9000ED (or even before the purchase) is to read its user manual. We should do this for several simple reasons:
If you have not bought Nikon 9000ED yet, this is a good time to familiarize yourself with the basic data on the product. First of all view first pages of the manual, you can find above. You should find there the most important technical data Nikon 9000ED - thus you can check whether the hardware meets your expectations. When delving into next pages of the user manual, Nikon 9000ED you will learn all the available features of the product, as well as information on its operation. The information that you get Nikon 9000ED will certainly help you make a decision on the purchase.
If you already are a holder of Nikon 9000ED, but have not read the manual yet, you should do it for the reasons described above. You will learn then if you properly used the available features, and whether you have not made any mistakes, which can shorten the lifetime Nikon 9000ED.
However, one of the most important roles played by the user manual is to help in solving problems with Nikon 9000ED. Almost always you will find there Troubleshooting, which are the most frequently occurring failures and malfunctions of the device Nikon 9000ED along with tips on how to solve them. Even if you fail to solve the problem, the manual will show you a further procedure – contact to the customer service center or the nearest service center
